Leviticus 11:1-17

Clean and Unclean Animals

1And the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying to them, 2“Speak to the people of Israel, saying, ^aThese are the living things that you may eat among all the animals that are on the earth. 3Whatever parts the hoof and is cloven-footed and chews the cud, among the animals, you may eat. 4Nevertheless, among those that chew the cud or part the hoof, you shall not eat these: The camel, because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof, is unclean to you. 5And the ^brock badger, because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof, is unclean to you. 6And the hare, because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof, is unclean to you. 7And the pig, because it parts the hoof and is cloven-footed but does not chew the cud, ^cis unclean to you. 8You shall not eat any of their flesh, and you shall not touch their carcasses; they are unclean to you.

9“These you may eat, of all that are in the waters. Everything in the waters that has fins and scales, whether in the seas or in the rivers, you may eat. 10But anything in the seas or the rivers that does not have fins and scales, of the swarming creatures in the waters and of the living creatures that are in the waters, is ^ddetestable to you. 11You shall regard them as detestable; you shall not eat any of their flesh, and you shall detest their carcasses. 12Everything in the waters that does not have fins and scales is detestable to you.

13“And these you shall detest among the birds; ▼

▼Or things that fly; compare Genesis 1:20

they shall not be eaten; they are ^fdetestable: ^gthe eagle, ▼

▼The identity of many of these birds is uncertain

the bearded vulture, the black vulture, 14the kite, ⁱthe falcon of any kind, 15every raven of any kind, 16the ostrich, the nighthawk, the sea gull, the ^jhawk of any kind, 17the ^klittle owl, the cormorant, the ^lshort-eared owl,

Leviticus 20:25

25 ^mYou shall therefore separate the clean beast from the unclean, and the unclean bird from the clean. You shall not make yourselves detestable by beast or by bird or by anything with which the ground crawls, which I have set apart for you to hold unclean.

Deuteronomy 14

Clean and Unclean Food

1“You are ⁿthe sons of the Lord your God. ^oYou shall not cut yourselves or make any ^pbaldness on your foreheads for the dead. 2For ^qyou are a people holy to the Lord your God, and the Lord has chosen you to be a people for his treasured possession, out of all the peoples who are on the face of the earth.

3 ^r“You shall not eat any abomination. 4 ^sThese are the animals you may eat: the ox, the sheep, the goat, 5the deer, the gazelle, the roebuck, the wild goat, the ibex, ▼

▼Or addax

the antelope, and the mountain sheep. 6Every animal that parts the hoof and has the hoof cloven in two and chews the cud, among the animals, you may eat. 7Yet of those that chew the cud or have the hoof cloven you shall not eat these: the camel, the hare, and the ^urock badger, because they chew the cud but do not part the hoof, are unclean for you. 8And the pig, because it parts the hoof but does not chew the cud, is unclean for you. Their flesh you shall not eat, and ^vtheir carcasses you shall not touch.

9“Of all that are in the waters you may eat these: whatever has fins and scales you may eat. 10And whatever does not have fins and scales you shall not eat; it is unclean for you.

11“You may eat all clean birds. 12But these are the ones that you shall not eat: the eagle, ▼

▼The identity of many of these birds is uncertain

the bearded vulture, the black vulture, 13the kite, the falcon of any kind; 14every raven of any kind; 15the ostrich, the nighthawk, the sea gull, the hawk of any kind; 16the little owl and the short-eared owl, the barn owl 17and the tawny owl, the carrion vulture and the cormorant, 18the stork, the heron of any kind; the hoopoe and the bat. 19And all winged insects are unclean for you; they shall not be eaten. 20All clean winged things you may eat.

21 ^x“You shall not eat anything that has died naturally. You may give it to the sojourner who is within your towns, that he may eat it, or you may sell it to a foreigner. For ^yyou are a people holy to the Lord your God.

^z“You shall not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk.

Tithes

22 ^aa“You shall tithe all the yield of your seed that comes from the field year by year. 23And before the Lord your God, in the place that he will choose, to make his name dwell there, ^abyou shall eat the tithe of your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, ^acand the firstborn of your herd and flock, ^adthat you may learn to fear the Lord your God always. 24And if the way is too long for you, so that you are not able to carry the tithe, when the Lord your God blesses you, because ^aethe place is too far from you, which the Lord your God chooses, to set his name there, 25then you shall turn it into money and bind up the money in your hand and go to the place that the Lord your God chooses 26and spend the money for whatever you desire—oxen or sheep or wine or strong drink, whatever your appetite craves. And ^afyou shall eat there before the Lord your God and rejoice, you and your household. 27And you shall not neglect ^agthe Levite who is within your towns, for ^ahhe has no portion or inheritance with you.

28 ^ai“At the end of every three years you shall bring out all the tithe of your produce in the same year and lay it up within your towns. 29And the Levite, because ^ajhe has no portion or inheritance with you, and the sojourner, the fatherless, and the widow, who are within your towns, shall come and eat and be filled, that ^akthe Lord your God may bless you in all the work of your hands that you do.

Ezekiel 4:14

14Then I said, ^al“Ah, Lord God! Behold, I have never defiled myself. ▼

▼Hebrew my soul (or throat) has never been made unclean

^anFrom my youth up till now I have never eaten ^aowhat died of itself or was torn by beasts, nor has ^aptainted meat come into my mouth.”

Ezekiel 44:31

31 ^aqThe priests shall not eat of ^aranything, whether bird or beast, that has died of itself or is torn by wild animals.